This was evident in the assembly that finally proclaimed independence in 1816; that body received no delegates from several provinces, even though it was held outside Buenos Aires, in the interior city of Tucumán (in full, San Miguel de Tucumán). … Although shielding itself with a pretense of loyalty to Ferdinand, the junta produced by that session marked the end of Spanish rule in Buenos Aires and its hinterland. Now available in a fully-revised and updated second edition, A History of Modern Latin America offers a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the rich cultural and political history of this vibrant region from the onset of independence to the present day. These groups are generally believed to have been isolated from the people of the "Old World" until the coming of Europeans in the 10th century from Iceland led by Leif Erikson and in 1492 with the voyages of Christopher Columbus. In cities throughout the region, Creole frustrations increasingly found expression in ideas derived from the Enlightenment. In Mexico City and Montevideo caretaker governments were the work of loyal peninsular Spaniards eager to head off Creole threats. History of Latin America - History of Latin America - Latin America since the mid-20th century: In Latin America as elsewhere, the close of World War II was accompanied by expectations, only partly fulfilled, of steady economic development and democratic consolidation. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The main thrust of the southern independence forces met much greater success on the Pacific coast. The region consists, with just one exception, of those parts of the American continent colonized by the Spanish. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? The indigenous peoples were greatly varied, far more so than the Europeans; they were spread over a vast area and only faintly aware of each other from one major region to the next. After hundreds of years of proven service to Spain, the American-born elites felt that the Bourbons were now treating them like a recently conquered nation. By 1825, Mexico, Central America, and South America were free, soon to be followed by Brazil. Bakewell, Peter. Ege & Makhijani. Did Chile gain its independence in 1818? The immediate effect of that concession was to send the Portuguese ruler, Prince Regent John, fleeing in British ships to Brazil. History of Latin America, history of the region from the pre-Columbian period and including colonization by the Spanish and Portuguese beginning in the 15th century, the 19th-century wars of independence, and developments to the end of the 20th century. The America of the Latins: The term Latin America, first used in the 19th century, is something of a compromise. Leaders in Latin America tended to shy away from the more socially radical European doctrines. There is also a separate article Latin American literature. They were closely related to one another in biological terms, and their languages, though they cannot be shown to have a common origin, tend to share many general features. He was a leading scholar in the field of Latin American history, particularly the colonial period in Mexico. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. More generally, Creoles reacted angrily against the crown’s preference for peninsulars in administrative positions and its declining support of the caste system and the Creoles’ privileged status within it. Without denouncing Ferdinand, Creoles throughout most of the region were moving toward the establishment of their own autonomous governments. Occurrences in Europe in the early 19th century created a deep political divide between Spain and its American colonies. These traditions reflect the distinctive mixtures of Native American, African, and European influences that have shifted throughout the region over time. Still, these ideas were not, strictly speaking, causes of independence. Paraguay resisted Buenos Aires’ military and set out on a path of relative isolation from the outside world. When the Spanish colonial officials proved ineffective against the invasion, a volunteer militia of Creoles and peninsulars organized resistance and pushed the British out. "This history of Latin America will delight any reader. See also the articles on the dependencies and constituent entities Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Puerto Rico. The rapidity and timing of that dramatic change were the result of a combination of long-building tensions in colonial rule and a series of external events. The effort only served to harden the position of Creole rebels. In 1817 San Martín, a Latin American-born former officer in the Spanish military, directed 5,000 men in a dramatic crossing of the Andes and struck at a point in Chile where loyalist forces had not expected an invasion. Not only do the people live in a large number of independent units, but the geography and climate of their countries vary immensely. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. As a result, the indigenous peoples, once in contact, were very vulnerable to the outsiders. Author of. Sort fact from fiction in this journey through Latin America. Mexican movies from the Golden Era in the 1940s and 1950s are significant examples of Latin American cinema. In alliance with Chilean patriots under the command of Bernardo O’Higgins, San Martín’s army restored independence to a region whose highly factionalized junta had been defeated by royalists in 1814. After establishing naval dominance in the region, the southern movement made its way northward. The inhabitants’ social and cultural characteristics differ according to the constitution of the occupants before the Iberian conquest, the timing and nature of European occupation, and their varying material endowments and economic roles. A Brief History of Latin America First of all, where is Latin America? Unparalleled in scope, attentive to the paradoxes of Latin American reality, and known for its fine-grained interpretation, it is now available for the first time in English. Its task, however, was formidable. Moreover, the Cortes would not concede permanent free trade to the Americans and obstinately refused to grant any degree of meaningful autonomy to the overseas dominions. 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