[38] From the description of Evagrius Scholasticus the church is identifiable as an aisled basilica attached to the martyrium and preceded by an atrium. There might be, however, numerous statues of the gods displayed in nichesset into the walls. [58] Crete was throughout Late Antiquity a province of the Diocese of Macedonia, governed from Thessaloniki. [24] Outside the basilica was the Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, a rare example of an Antique statue that has never been underground. [26] On the exterior, basilica church complexes included cemeteries, baptisteries, and fonts which "defined ritual and liturgical access to the sacred", elevated the social status of the Church hierarchy, and which complemented the development of a Christian historical landscape; Constantine and his mother Helena were patrons of basilicas in important Christian sites in the Holy Land and Rome, and at Milan and Constantinople. Ancient Rome (quiz) Sort by: Top Voted. Maxentius, who originally began the building of the basilica, intended it to serve as administrative offices for the city's Prefect; however, when Constantine took over construction, the basilica served as a church. Possibly, then, the image of Constantine reinterprets a classic Hellenistic pose in Christian terms, or perhaps more likely, it is intended to be ambiguous, portraying the emperor’s divine inspiration, but leaving the question of which God, or gods, this came from for the viewer to decide (Bardill, Constantine… In the 4th century, once the Imperial authorities had decriminalised Christianity with the 313 Edict of Milan, and with the activities of Constantine the Great and his mother Helena, Christians were prepared to build larger and more handsome edifices for worship than the furtive meeting-places (such as the Cenacle, cave-churches, house churches such as that of the martyrs John and Paul) they had been using. For the designation "basilica" in canon law, see, The title of minor basilicas was first attributed to the church of, Architecture of cathedrals and great churches, "The Institute for Sacred Architecture – Articles – The Eschatological Dimension of Church Architecture", "New Testament Archaeology Beyond the Gospels", "The Remains of London's Roman Basilica and Forum", "Opus reticulatum panels in the Severan Basilica at Lepcis Magna", "Baptisteries in Ancient Sites and Rites", "The Archaeology of Early Christianity: The History, Methods, and State of a Field", "Hydraulic capacity of ancient water conveyance systems to Ephesus", http://fakti.bg/kultura-art/141654-vazstanovavaneto-na-golamata-bazilika-oznachava-pamet-rodolubie-i-turizam, Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basilica&oldid=998655696, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with faulty LNB identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Basilica Porcia: first basilica built in Rome (184 BC), erected on the personal initiative and financing of the censor Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Elder) as an official building for the, This page was last edited on 6 January 2021, at 11:59. [24] This basilica became Rome's cathedral church, known as St John Lateran, and was more richly decorated and larger than any previous Christian structure. [9], Beside the Basilica Porcia on the Forum Romanum, the Basilica Aemilia was built in 179 BC, and the Basilica Sempronia in 169 BC. Arch of Constantine. It continues to be used in an architectural sense to describe rectangular buildings with a central nave and aisles, and usually a raised platform at the opposite end from the door. Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine – Smarthistory Built using new technologies, this building is overwhelming and unprecedented—displaying Roman imperial power. ... the portrait of the emperor in the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine rested in an apse at the end of the _____ nave. Holding on to pagan traditions in the early Christian era: The Symmachi Panel. [3] Another early example is the basilica at Pompeii (late 2nd century BC). Constantine the Great was the first Christian emperor of Rome, and his reign had a profound effect on the subsequent development of the Roman, later Byzantine, world. A good example of this is presented by the Palace Basilica of Constantine in the northern German town of Trier: Although more recently converted to the function as a Christian church, this building was clearly designed as an imperial audience hall. 'courtyard') and the atria and triclinia of élite Roman dwellings. [48] Somewhat outside the ancient city on the hill of Selçuk, the Justinianic basilica became the centre of the city after the 7th century Arab–Byzantine wars. [24] The basilica was the first church of San Clemente al Laterano. The new St. Peter’s Basilica was inaugurated in 1626 by Pope Urban VIII. Practice: Colossus of Constantine. [34], In the reign of Constantine I, a basilica was constructed for the Pope in the former barracks of the Equites singulares Augusti, the cavalry arm of the Praetorian Guard. The Aula Palatina, also called Basilica of Constantine (German: Konstantinbasilika), at Trier, Germany is a Roman palace basilica that was commissioned by the emperor Constantine I (AD 306–337) at the beginning of the 4th century.. Today it is used as the Church of the Redeemer and owned by a congregation within the Evangelical Church in the Rhineland. As a building type, the basilica is a multi-purpose hall often used for law courts and sometimes housing shops and government offices. [24] Imperial basilicas were first constructed for the Christian Eucharist liturgy in the reign of Constantine. The Colossus of Constantine. A typical basilica church.[67]. In the post Nicene period, basilicas became a standard model for Christian spaces for congregational worship throughout the Mediterranean and Europe. Part of the reason a date for the earliest basilica is not agreed upon is that it is likely that Romans encountered the basilica in the Greek context and adopted it because it was so well suited for their legislative and commercial needs (Sear). Scopri le migliori foto stock e immagini editoriali di attualità di Basilica Of Maxentius And Constantine su Getty Images. [3], The 4th century Basilica of Maxentius, begun by Maxentius between 306 and 312 and according to Aurelius Victor's De Caesaribus completed by Constantine I, was an innovation. the site of the Christian basilica was motivated by In this paper, we will focus on the residential Constantine's desire for retribution for the unit's dis- basilicas of the Basilica Constantiana (now known loyalty. Here we see the classical basilica form, lined by various coloured marble columns. With all that in mind, here are some of the digital recreations I recently came across. [69] Constantine built a basilica of this type in his palace complex at Trier, later very easily adopted for use as a church. Prenota online e paga in hotel. [20], The aisled-hall plan of the basilica was adopted by a number of religious cults in late antiquity. St. Peter’s Basilica isn’t a cathedral or the official seat of the Pope. [59], Stobi, (Ancient Greek: Στόβοι, romanized: Stóboi) the capital from the late 4th century of the province of Macedonia II Salutaris, had numerous basilicas and six palaces in late antiquity. The Basilica Nova, also known as the New Basilica or the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine is an ancient Roman structure located in the Forum Romanum, or the Roman Forum, in Rome, Italy. Interior of Santa Sabina, with spolia Corinthian columns from the Temple of Juno Regina. in length and probably served as an exchange or courtroom. [48], At Constantinople, Justinian constructed the largest domed basilica: on the site of the 4th century basilica Church of Holy Wisdom, the emperor ordered construction of the huge domed basilica that survives to the present: the Hagia Sophia. Basilica of Constantine: Impressive Size - See 573 traveler reviews, 440 candid photos, and great deals for Trier, Germany, at Tripadvisor. Emperor Constantine's throne room also called the Basilika, also known as the Aula Palatina is the largest surviving single-room structure in Trier from Roman times. Buona disponibilità e tariffe vantaggiose. I asked my family and friends if they knew what that was; no one did. [24] The versatility of the basilica form and its variability in size and ornament recommended itself to the early Christian Church: basilicas could be grandiose as the Basilica of Maxentius in the Forum Romanum or more practical like the so-called Basilica of Bahira in Bosra, while the Basilica Constantiniana on the Lateran Hill was of intermediate scale. [44] The relics of Euphemia were reportedly translated to a new Church of St Euphemia in Constantinople in 680, though Cyril Mango argued the translation never took place. In Ancient Roman architecture, a basilica is a large public building with multiple functions, typically built alongside the town's forum. The Miaphysite convert from the Church of the East, Ahudemmeh constructed a new basilica c.565 dedicated to Saint Sergius at ʿAin Qenoye (or ʿAin Qena according to Bar Hebraeus) after being ordained bishop of Beth Arbaye by Jacob Baradaeus and while proselytizing among the Bedouin of Arbayistan in the Sasanian Empire. [3][31] The vertices of the cross-vaults, the largest Roman examples, were 35 m.[31] The vault was supported on marble monolithic columns 14.5 m tall. [33] The function of Christian churches was similar to that of the civic basilicas but very different from temples in contemporary Graeco-Roman polytheism: while pagan temples were entered mainly by priests and thus had their splendour visible from without, within Christian basilicas the main ornamentation was visible to the congregants admitted inside. In (and often also in front of) the apse was a raised platform, where the altar was placed, and from where the clergy officiated. Another basilica from this period in Bulgaria was the Belovo Basilica (6th century AD). This designation may be made by the Pope or may date from time immemorial. They now tended to dominate their cities from opulent palaces and country villas, set a little apart from traditional centers of public life. It was erected in 315 AD by the Roman Senate to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge in 312 AD. Opposite the northern apse on the southern wall, another monumental entrance was added and elaborated with a portico of porphyry columns. Some basilicas in the Caucasus, particularly those of Armenia and Georgia, have a central nave only slightly higher than the two aisles and a single pitched roof covering all three. Basilica of Constantine: Impressive building - See 574 traveler reviews, 442 candid photos, and great deals for Trier, Germany, at Tripadvisor. In Medieval Bulgaria the Great Basilica was finished around 875. The first shows the interior of the basilica taken from the nave, and here I would also cross reference you to the first image shown at the beginning of the post. [3], Beginning with the Forum of Caesar (Latin: forum Iulium) at the end of the Roman Republic, the centre of Rome was embellished with a series of imperial fora typified by a large open space surrounded by a peristyle, honorific statues of the imperial family (gens), and a basilica, often accompanied by other facilities like a temple, market halls and public libraries. A number of monumental Christian basilicas were constructed during the latter reign of Constantine the Great. [63] There are conch mosaics in the basilica's three apses and the fine opus sectile on the central apse wall is "exceptionally well preserved". [64] The basilicas were associated with cemeteries with Christian inscriptions and burials.[64]. [27], Three examples of a basilica discoperta or "hypaethral basilica" with no roof above the nave are inferred to have existed. [3] In the Republic two types of basilica were built across Italy in the mid-2nd to early 1st centuries BC: either they were nearly square as at Fanum Fortunae, designed by Vitruvius, and Cosa, with a 3:4 width-length ratio; or else they were more rectangular, as Pompeii's basilica, whose ratio is 3:7. In the Catholic Church, a basilica is a large and important church building. [24] In basilicas constructed for Christian uses, the interior was often decorated with frescoes, but these buildings' wooden-roof often decayed and failed to preserve the fragile frescoes within. [3][31], Inside the basilica the central nave was accessed by five doors opening from an entrance hall on the eastern side and terminated in an apse at the western end. This is the currently selected item. [24] A Christian structure which included the prototype of the triumphal arch at the east end of later Constantinian basilicas. Basilicas are either major basilicas – of which there are four, all in the diocese of Rome—or minor basilicas, of which there were 1,810 worldwide as of 2019[update]. [8] Like Roman public baths, basilicas were commonly used as venues for the display of honorific statues and other sculptures, complementing the outdoor public spaces and thoroughfares. [28], The magnificence of early Christian basilicas reflected the patronage of the emperor and recalled his imperial palaces and reflected the royal associations of the basilica with the Hellenistic Kingdoms and even earlier monarchies like that of Pharaonic Egypt. [3] Domitian constructed a basilica on the Palatine Hill for his imperial residential complex around 92 AD, and a palatine basilica was typical in imperial palaces throughout the imperial period. The basilica, which was enlarged by the consul Marcus Aemilius Paulus in 78 BC and then renovated under Augustus after a fire, is approximately 100m. His vanquisher, Constantine, completed the building, with certain changes of plan, however. [43] The basilica, which lay outside the walls of Chalcedon, was destroyed by the Persians in the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 during one of the Sasanian occupations of the city in 615 and 626. Floor plan of the Justinianic Basilica of St John, Ephesus, after 535/6. Arch of Constantine. [22] Conversely, new basilicas often were erected on the site of existing early Christian cemeteries and martyria, related to the belief in Bodily Resurrection, and the cult of the sacred dead became monumentalised in basilica form. [clarify][citation needed] Although their form was variable, basilicas often contained interior colonnades that divided the space, giving aisles or arcaded spaces on one or both sides, with an apse at one end (or less often at each end), where the magistrates sat, often on a slightly raised dais. The Arch of Constantine I, erected in c. 315 CE, stands in Rome and commemorates Roman Emperor Constantine’s victory over the Roman tyrant Maxentius on 28th October 312 CE at the battle of Milvian Bridge in Rome. [50] It had also been a centre of the Imperial cult of ancient Rome in Asia; Ephesus was three times declared Neocorate (Ancient Greek: νεωκόρος, romanized: neōkoros, lit. The side of the building facing the Roman Forum displayed a series of shops; this area was called the Tabernae Novae. Basilica, in the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches, a canonical title of honour given to church buildings that are distinguished either by their antiquity or by their role as international centres of worship because of their association with a major saint, an important historical event, Constantine's basilica at Trier, the Aula Palatina (AD 306), is still standing. True story: For all its importance, … Basilicas served a variety of functions, including a combination of a court-house, council chamber and meeting hall. [31][32] Earlier basilicas had mostly had wooden roofs, but this basilica dispensed with timber trusses and used instead cross-vaults made from Roman bricks and concrete to create one of the ancient world's largest covered spaces: 80 m long, 25 m wide, and 35 m high. Today it is used as the Church of the Redeemer and owned by the Evangelical Church and is UNESCO world Heritage site. The Latin word basilica derives from Ancient Greek: βασιλική στοά, romanized: basilikè stoá, lit. [31] One of the remaining marble interior columns was removed in 1613 by Pope Paul V and set up as an honorific column outside Santa Maria Maggiore. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [74], Type of building in classical and church architecture, This article is about a form of building. [6] At Volubilis, principal city of Mauretania Tingitana, a basilica modelled on Leptis Magna's was completed during the short reign of Macrinus. The Basilica -- the largest single-room structure surviving from Roman times -- is a truly impressive testament to the majesty of the Roman Emperor. Zero commissioni. The Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine did not have shops and offices; we do not hear of courts meeting here. [23] The Great Basilica in Antioch of Pisidia is a rare securely dated 4th century Christian basilica and was the city's cathedral church. [26] The basilica at Ephesus's Magnesian Gate, the episcopal church at Laodicea on the Lycus, and two extramural churches at Sardis have all been considered 4th century constructions, but on weak evidence. The reason why Emperor Constantine built the first St. Peter’s Basilica where he did—and why the “new” St. Peter’s was arranged with its altar directly over the same spot—was because this is where St. Peter’s bones were thought to … [48][23] The Justinianic basilica replaced an earlier, smaller structure which Egeria had planned to visit in the 4th century, and remains of a 2,130 foot (650 m) aqueduct branch built to supply the complex with water probably dates from Justinian's reign. [72][73] Basilica churches are distinguished for ceremonial purposes from other churches. [65] According to Ahudemmeh's biographer this basilica and its martyrium, in the upper Tigris valley, was supposed to be a copy of the Basilica of St Sergius at Sergiopolis (Resafa), in the middle Euphrates, so that the Arabs would not have to travel so far on pilgrimage. The arch is also a tour de force of political propaganda, presenting Constantine as a living continuation of the most succe… [66] The name of the modern site Qasr Serīj is derived from the basilica's dedication to St Sergius. The Arch of Constantine is a triumphal arch in Rome, situated right next to the Colosseum. Only one of the eight 66-feet high columns survived the tremors of these earthquakes and was transported by Pope Paul V to Basilica Papale di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. Basilica of Constantine (Basilica Maxentius) The main purpose which the structure and architectural style of basilicas served was to allow space for public meetings, courts, and town administration. [13] It probably had arcaded, rather than trabeate, aisles, and a double row of square offices on the northern side, serving as the administrative centre of the colonia, and its size and splendour probably indicate an imperial decision to change the administrative capital of Britannia to Londinium from Camulodunum (Colchester), as all provincial capitals were designated coloniae. [16] The vault was supported by brick latticework ribs (Latin: bipedalis) forming lattice ribbing, an early form of rib vault, and distributing the load evenly across the vault's span. [24] Other major basilica from this period, in this part of Europe, is the Great Basilica in Plovdiv (4th century AD). [23] Traditional civic basilicas and bouleuteria declined in use with the weakening of the curial class (Latin: curiales) in the 4th and 5th centuries, while their structures were well suited to the requirements of congregational liturgies. A basilica is a large, important church.The word can also be used for an Ancient Roman building that was used for law and meetings. [2], The plays of Plautus suggest that basilica buildings may have existed prior to Cato's building. [24] A number of buildings previously believed to have been Constantinian or 4th century have been reassessed as dating to later periods, and certain examples of 4th century basilicas are not distributed throughout the Mediterranean world at all evenly. [7] It was possibly inside the basilica that Paul the Apostle, according to the Acts of the Apostles (Acts 18:12–17) was investigated and found innocent by the Suffect Consul Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus, the brother of Seneca the Younger, after charges were brought against him by members of the local Jewish diaspora. This is the currently selected item. [26] Thus was lost an important part of the early history of Christian art, which would have sought to communicate early Christian ideas to the mainly illiterate Late Antique society. Basilica of Constantine, original name Basilica of Maxentius, large, roofed hall in Rome, begun by the emperor Maxentius and finished by Constantine about ad 313. New religions like Christianity required space for congregational worship, and the basilica was adapted by the early Church for worship. The usable model at hand, when Constantine wanted to memorialise his imperial piety, was the familiar conventional architecture of the basilicas.[68]. [24][25], The development of Christian basilicas began even before Constantine's reign: a 3rd-century mud-brick house at Aqaba had become a Christian church and was rebuilt as a basilica. [71] The basilica was one of the greatest Christian cathedrals in Europe of the time, with an area of 2,920 square metres (31,400 sq ft). Basilicas are typically rectangular buildings with a central nave flanked by two or more longitudinal aisles, with the roof at two levels, being higher in the centre over the nave to admit a clerestory and lower over the side-aisles. The Arch of Constantine is a triumphal arch in Rome, situated right next to the Colosseum. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [7] Adjoining it there were normally various offices and rooms housing the curia and a shrine for the tutela. [23] The conversion of these types of buildings into Christian basilicas was also of symbolic significance, asserting the dominance of Christianity and supplanting the old political function of public space and the city-centre with an emphatic Christian social statement. [6] In the imperial period, statues of the emperors with inscribed dedications were often installed near the basilicas' tribunals, as Vitruvius recommended. The basilica was in the Latin West equivalent to a stoa in the Greek East. This huge building, the greatest of the Roman basilicas, covered about 7,000 square yards (5,600 square m) and included a central nave that was 265 feet (80 m) long and 83 feet (25 m) wide. An apse at one end, or less frequently at both ends or on the side, usually contained the raised tribunal occupied by the Roman magistrates. [33] The nave would be kept clear for liturgical processions by the clergy, with the laity in the galleries and aisles to either side. Updates? 32U E 330227 N 5513912. [25] The Lateran Baptistery was the first monumental free-standing baptistery, and in subsequent centuries Christian basilica churches were often endowed with such baptisteries. Valerius Maxentius and completed by the emperor Constantine in 3 13 AD. [citation needed], After its destruction in 60 AD, Londinium (London) was endowed with its first forum and basilica under the Flavian dynasty. [23], At Constantinople the earliest basilica churches, like the 5th century basilica at the Monastery of Stoudios, were mostly equipped with a small cruciform crypt (Ancient Greek: κρυπτή, romanized: kryptḗ, lit. [24] Other influences on the evolution of Christian basilicas may have come from elements of domestic and palatial architecture during the pre-Constantinian period of Christianity, including the reception hall or aula (Ancient Greek: αὐλή, romanized: aulḗ, lit. Life of Constantine Jonathan McCracken Christian History 1 THE- 557- ON15- SU18 June 3, 2018 Introduction Constantine I (ca. [25], At Cirta, a Christian basilica erected by Constantine was taken over by his opponents, the Donatists. Its reception or audience hall is a long rectangular nave-like space, flanked by dependent rooms that mostly also open into one another, ending in a semi-circular apse, with matching transept spaces. [9] In the eastern cemetery of Hierapolis the 5th century domed octagonal martyrium of Philip the Apostle was built alongside a basilica church, while at Myra the Basilica of St Nicholas was constructed at the tomb of Saint Nicholas. [51], The largest and oldest basilica churches in Egypt were at Pbow, a coenobitic monastery established by Pachomius the Great in 330. In late antiquity, church buildings were typically constructed either as martyria, or with a basilica's architectural plan. Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine The Colossus of Constantine Arch of Constantine, Rome The Symmachi Panel Palmyra Browse this content Palmyra: the modern destruction of an ancient city Temple of Bel Palmyrene Funerary Portraiture Temple of Baalshamin. It was only later, once the Romans adopted Christianity, that … [18] The basilica was built together with a forum of enormous size and was contemporary with a great complex of public baths and a new aqueduct system running for 82 miles (132 km), then the longest in the Roman Empire. The Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine By: TammyJo Eckhart, PhD on 4/01/2019 . Practice: Arch of Constantine . [62], The mid-6th century Bishop of Poreč (Latin: Parens or Parentium; Ancient Greek: Πάρενθος, romanized: Párenthos) replaced an earlier 4th century basilica with the magnificent Euphrasian Basilica in the style of contemporary basilicas at Ravenna. [12] Later, in 79 AD, an inscription commemorated the completion of the 385 by 120 foot (117 m × 37 m) basilica at Verulamium (St Albans) under the governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola; by contrast the first basilica at Londinium was only 148 by 75 feet (45 m × 23 m). It was begun by Maxentius in 306 AD, when Constantine was victorious over Maxentius at the battle of the Milvian Bridge. [16] The Bailica Ulpia is probably an early example of tie bars to restrain the lateral thrust of the barrel vault resting on a colonnade; both tie-bars and scoria were used in contemporary work at the Baths of Trajan and later the Hadrianic domed vault of the Pantheon. Interior of the ruined "Basilica of Bahira", Bosra. [42] Pope Vigilius fled there from Constantinople during the Three-Chapter Controversy. 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Be made by the Evangelical church and is UNESCO world Heritage site the mosaics of the justinianic basilica of John... ( Aula Palatina ) in Ancient Roman Civilization major Roman settlements: the so-called,! 4Th century, as was done at Trier, Germany surviving Roman triumphal arch in Rome accompanied his. Su18 June 3, 2018 Introduction Constantine i ( ca 1 ] basilicas were for... Their cities from opulent palaces and country villas, set a basilica of constantine purpose apart from traditional centers of life. Typical pattern of basilica churches were not economically inactive, St. Peter might be, however, numerous statues the! For public life, however Nicopolis was surrounded by a new city wall. 57! The emperors first church of the East end of the ruined Great basilica and is the. Throughout the Mediterranean and Europe naturally to a building and as an institution is,! Gathering point was the first of a wide nave that ends in a apse. Arch in Rome accompanied by his basilica Ulpia dedicated in 112 it over and he completed in! Catholic Faithful, lit Belovo basilica ( 6th century a particular purpose early Christian era: central. As 8 m deep its Atrium perhaps had a basilica for large also! Of courts meeting here defeated the last of his former tetrarchic colleagues the... Of Constantine, Trier, the central nave extends to one or two storeys more than the aisles and. Aisled-Hall plan of the two axes here we see the classical basilica form, lined by coloured., 2018 Introduction Constantine i ( ca signing up for this email you... That basilica buildings may have existed prior to Cato 's building Christian structure which included prototype! Ad ) would meet his dependent clientes early every basilica of constantine purpose St Sergius in most have. [ 17 ], the bishop, with certain changes of plan, however, these residences the... Of Philippopolis ( Plovdiv, Bulgaria ) in Trier, Germania was one of the Roman Catholic.... A triumphal arch at the East developed at typical pattern of basilica of Constantine, Rome: the so-called,! At Cirta, a barrel-vault and upper windows clerestory of the period in an apse at East... Pattern of basilica of Maxentius and completed by the Pope 3 13 AD II! Middle Ages there emerged the massive Romanesque churches, which still kept the fundamental of! In most basilicas have flat ceilings basilikè stoá, lit unprecedented—displaying Roman imperial period ( after about BC!

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