), take heart. In a similar way, comparative or superlative adjectives modify the word that follows and do not need hyphens. A hyphen is needed, because bias and free are both essential to convey the concept bias-free. Never hesitate to add a hyphen if it solves a possible problem. | The hyphen should not be confused with dashes (figure dash ‒, en dash –, em dash —, horizontal bar ―), which are longer and have … In most cases, the APA Style dictates that there is no hyphen after the prefix; however, there are some exceptions, especially with technical terminology. Punctuation rules are hard to grasp. | Note: You don’t need a hyphen when multiple modifiers work independently to modify a noun (e.g., critical social issues). Hyphenating this particular part of speech can be a challenge, so APA Style has some basic guidelines to follow in these situations. It is usually used with a compound modifier when the modifier comes before the word it’s modifying. Because APA style is … There are two types of dashes in APA style: en dashes and em dashes. | in Grammar and usage, How-to, Hyphenation Permalink A hyphen should be used with a prefix under the following conditions: For more information on hyphenation principles, see Section 4.13 of the Publication Manual, our FAQ, or leave a comment below. Comments (5), Hyphenation Station: When Not to Use a Hyphen, All five general principles for hyphens can also be found in this FAQ, Hyphenation Station: Repeated Hyphens in a Phrase, Hyphenation Station: Using Compound Adjectives, Hyphenation Station: The Hyphenation of Prefixes in APA Style, Journal Article Reporting Standards (JARS), How to Cite Edition, Volume, and Page Numbers for Books. Citation organizes research notes and generates references, as footnotes, endnotes, and bibliographies, in over 1,000 predefined publishing styles, including many journal specific styles, most academic presses, many organizational style guides / instructions to authors (such as AAA, AMA, MLA, … Words with prefixes and suffixes are usually written without a hyphen in APA Style. When multiple modifiers have a common base, the base can be omitted in all except the last modifier, but the hyphens should be retained. Language rules. 21–27. Most of us know what an adjective is. Following are two examples of well-advised hyphens: Confusing: Springfield has little town charm. Examples of Comparative or Superlative Adjectives. The correctly placed hyphen (nine-page reports) indicates that nine and page create a single concept, and that nine-page jointly modifies reports. Three consistent rules: –Except for “cooperate” and “coordinate,” use a hyphen if the prefix ends in a vowel and the word that follows begins with the same vowel. Punctuation; Commas (,) Semicolons (;) Colons (:) Quotation marks (“”) Apostrophes (‘) Dashes (– or —) Hyphens (-) Parentheses Question marks (?) It is different than sentence case, which refers to the capitalization rules in the body of a text. A hyphen (-) is a punctuation mark that is used to join words or to separate the syllables of a single word. Use a hyphen to avoid confusion or an awkward combination of letters: re-sign a petition (vs. resign from a job) semi-independent (but semiconscious) shell-like (but childlike) Use a hyphen with the prefixes ex- (meaning former), self-, all-; with the suffix -elect; between a prefix and a capitalized word; and with figures or letters: This may sound like a judgment call, but the following guidelines can help you make the call in many cases. This guidance is the same as in the 6th edition. In general, follow the hyphenation shown in the Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary and the APA Dictionary of Psychology to determine how to spell and hyphenate words in APA Style papers. Modifiers Before Common Base (Use Hyphens), Modifiers After Common Base (No Hyphens), the students were in the 10th and 11th grades. Abbreviate and hyphenate the initials if the author has a two-part, hyphenated first name in both in-text citations and in the references. The Seventh Edition of the Publication Manual Is Available for Preorder! The most important principle for writing temporary compounds is to use hyphens in them to prevent misreading. An en dash (–) is wider than a hyphen (-). —AP Stylebook, 2013 edition. Use them to avoid ambiguity or to form a single idea from two or more words. | Speaker: Hyphens are often used to create adjectives. Likewise, some married people use hyphens to combine their last name with their spouse's: There are fewer Italian-American communities these days. Punctuation—Hyphens and Dashes Hyphens (-) are used to connect two or more words (and numbers) into a single concept, especially for building adjectives. To add an en dash in Microsoft Word if you are using a full PC keyboard, hold the Control key and … Compound modifiers that contain a past participle also follow the same rules as any other compound modifier. En dash APA notes that "Villafuerte" comes before "Villa-Lobos." All five general principles for hyphens can also be found in this FAQ. This usage of the en dash is especially common in British English, while the em dash is more prevalent in American English.. The Associated Press is reversing some of its March 2019 guidance on how we … –Use a hyphen to join doubled prefixes: “sub-subparagraph.”. But what is a compound adjective? Chicago Manual spells out numbers one to ninety-nine; AP & APA spell out numbers one to nine) I counted sixty-five. Permalink Use a hyphen when two or more words act as a single adjective before a noun. Use a hyphen when the compound goes before the noun it modifies: Posted by Chelsea Lee at 11:05 AM Hyphen defenders (or is it hyphen-defenders? Adverbs ending in -ly are understood to modify the word that follows. While APA format may seem complex, it will become easier once you familiarize yourself with the rules and format. Posted by Chelsea Lee at 12:26 PM 2. The table below contains some of the most common prefixes, examples of correct usage, and examples of exceptions. The word could be misread without a hyphen (e.g.. Capitalization; Word order rules. She is twenty-one. AUTHOR and AUTHOR (for two authors). Without the hyphen, the sentence seems to say that Springfield is a dreary place. Hyphenation is covered in Section 6.12 of the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition. Hyphenate spelled-out numbers between 21 and 99 (twenty-one, ninety-nine). Permalink Click the arrows to see examples of this type of hyphen use in action. No. Do not insert a space before or after the en dash. A hyphen is not needed because concise and writing independently modify the noun tone. Example: “Be sure to utilize bias-free language.” Is it bias language and free language? in Grammar and usage, How-to, Hyphenation One hyphen can make all the difference in clarity. How to Quote a Foreign-Language Source and Its Translation, Pluralize Numbers and Abbreviations Without Apostrophes. Hyphens are punctuation marks used to link multiple words. Only surname and in full caps for author names. Manuscript Elements 2.1 Running Head No short title. Compound adjectives are two or more connected words acting as one modifier (e.g., client-centered or all-inclusive). Most compound adjective rules are applicable only when the compound adjective precedes the term it modifies. Yes. Use a hyphen between two numbers spelled out: tens and units (21 – 99): AP "when large numbers must be spelled out, use a hyphen to connect a word ending in -y to another word: twenty-one, fifty-five, etc." In the previous posts in this series (Part 1, Part 2, and Part 3), we discussed the general principles of hyphenation, as describe in much more detail on pages 97–100 of the Publication Manual. The use of hyphens is called hyphenation. Posted by Timothy McAdoo at 12:10 PM Modifiers; Dangling modifiers; Misplaced modifiers If an author's first name is hyphenated, retain the hyphen and include a period after each initial. Rule 5. When the compound adjective comes before the noun it modifies, and the meaning of the term could be misread, a hyphen is often needed to make the meaning clear (e.g., all inclusive classrooms has a different meaning that all-inclusive classrooms). If you choose to use en dashes in this way, make sure to do so consistently. Abbreviate and hyphenate the initials if the author has a two-part, hyphenated first name in both in-text citations and in the references. The overall format may be similar for many papers, but your instructor might have specific requirements that vary depending on whether you are writing an essay or … If you followed this rule, you would write I am going to use the 5-GHz band ( 5-GHz is a compound adjective modifying the noun band ). Use title case when writing the title of a book, song, play, etc. The Publication Manual contains additional guidance on when to use hyphens (e.g., in conjunction with capitalized base words or numerals). For example, if a professor asks a class to write nine page reports, a well-placed hyphen would clarify if the students should each write nine separate reports about a page (nine “page reports”) or each write reports that are nine pages in length (nine-page reports). –Use a hyphen if the word that follows is capitalized. The title case refers to the capitalization rules surrounding titles and subtitles. Slide 5 General Rules for Using Hyphenation. Use a hyphen when the two words you wish to combine create a brand new meaning when they are put together. As a writer, if you’re struggling with hyphens in long modifier chains, moving the modifier to the end of the phrase can help untangle more obscure or dense sentences. Here’s a good test: Apply each modifier independently to the noun. APA notes that "Villafuerte" comes before "Villa-Lobos." Use an en dash, not a hyphen, for page ranges, e.g. Below is a short list of rules for prefix … However, if the compound adjective appears after the noun, a hyphen is usually unnecessary (e.g., behavior related to decision making, group with high anxiety). These and other examples where a hyphen should not be included can be found in Table 4.1 on page 98 of the Manual. If a minus sign is not available in your Word-processing program, use a hyphen with space on both sides (e.g., a – b). Our blog Hyphens with Numbers contains this general rule: when you’re combining two or more words to form a compound adjective in front of a noun, put hyphens between these words. Most words with prefixes are written without a hyphen after the prefix in APA Style. This is no longer a case of a compound, but rather two independent adjectives. A hyphen should be used with a prefix under the following conditions: The word could be misread without a hyphen (e.g., re-pair, meaning to pair again, vs. repair, meaning to fix). Cite in-text a hyphenated last name as you would any other reference, but leave out suffixes. Posted by Claire Merenda at 1:16 PM A full list of prefixes (and suffixes) to which this rule applies appears in Table 4.2 of the Publication Manual. For example, recreation and re-creationhave different meanings, one being a fun activity and the other being to create again. Hyphen-minus Non-breaking hyphen Hebrew maqaf The hyphen ‐ is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word. Cite in-text a hyphenated last name as you would any other reference, but leave out suffixes. For example, if a compound adjective appears before a noun, use a hyphen (e.g., decision-making behavior, high-anxiety group). A hyphen is usually used in APA Style when two or more words modify a common noun (and that noun comes after the modifiers), for example, 7-point scale or client-centered counseling. A hyphen is necessary in this case. Use of the hyphen is far from standardized. Permalink If a compound adjective can be misread, use a hyphen. If a word has the same spelling but different meanings, it might be prudent to use a hyphen after the prefix to differentiate them. © 2020 American Psychological Association, 750 First St. NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242, Telephone: (800) 374-2721; (202) 336-5500, one hyphenated word (e.g., self-esteem), or. These words work together to create a single concept that modifies a noun. The American Psychological Association (APA) style guide helps writers maintain a uniform way of writing and in particular, writing numbers. | The word that follows the hyphen is capitalized (e.g., un-American). Comments (2). And many of us might remember learning about compound words, too. APA Style with Citation; Citation is a bibliographic database for academic writers. | The double vowels aa, ii, oo, or uu would occur without a hyphen (e.g., anti-intellectual is correct, not antiintellectual ). For both en dashes and em dashes, do not put any spaces before or after the dashes. If a compound word does not appear in the dictionary, it is called a temporary compound. in Grammar and usage, How-to, Hyphenation If a compound adjective can be misread, use a hyphen. Also include spaces and commas as needed after the hyphens to create the list. in Hyphenation Some common examples are presented next. A hyphen is usually used in APA Style when two or more words modify a common noun (and that noun comes after the modifiers), for example, 7-point scale or client-centered counseling. General Principle 2 In a temporary compound that is used as an adjective before a noun, use a hyphen if the term can be misread or if the term expresses a single thought (i.e., all words together modify the noun). @Sverre: I came up with these rules by (a) reading guidelines for hyphenation in various places and (b) looking at dictionary hyphenations and deducing what rules would explain them. The Publication Manual contains additional prefixes and suffixes and corresponding examples that follow the same pattern as well as a handful of exceptions. For a negative value, use a hyphen rather than a minus sign, with a space before but no space after (e.g., -5.25). Adding a hyphen, to write this as widely-attended gatherings, would not give the reader any additional information. For example, if a compound adjective appears before a noun, use a hyphen (e.g., decision-making behavior, high-anxiety group). If you don’t know what compound modifier is … 10 Simple Rules for Using Hyphen “-” (With Sample Sentences) Read More » Adding a hyphen would be redundant. The rules for hyphenating at line endings are so complicated that no one can be expected to … Comments (7), Technorati Tags: Language rules; Punctuation. Source: APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition, Section 9.8, page 286. And stay tuned for more posts in our hyphenation station series! Word order rules; Adverbials; Adjectives; Sentence structure; Parallelism; Modifiers. The APA Publication Manual, in fact, insists that you not break words at line-endings in any case, but that can lead to lines that are too brief and aesthetically unbalanced. Also, use it in newspaper and magazine headlines, as well as titles and subtitles for an article. The en dash is shorter, named after the width of the letter "n," and the em dash is longer, named after the width of the letter "m." Each has distinct uses in writing. However, the rule about hyphens and -ly adverbs is easy enough to master: When a compound modifier–two or more words that express a single concept–precedes a noun, use hyphens to link all the words in the compound except the adverb very and all adverbs that end in -ly. The most important principle for writing temporary compounds is to use hyphens in them to prevent misreading. If the professor in the previous example had asked for reports that are nine pages long, there would likely be no misunderstanding. APA Style, compound adjective, hyphenations, hyphens. A common mistake is using both forms in the same text or spacing the punctuation incorrectly: Non-hyphenated is an example of a hyphenated word. For more information on hyphenation principles, see Section 4.13 in the Publication Manual, our FAQ on hyphenation, or leave a comment below. AUTHOR (for a single author). General Principle 1 (from p. 98) says “If a compound adjective can be misread, use a hyphen.” But, the reverse is also true: If the compound adjective is clear as it stands, you do not need a hyphen. If the original meaning is maintained, then it’s not a compound modifier. Hyphens Style Apa In. Here are the rules that have to be followed for journals adhering to NJD-APA style irrespective of their level of editing. Use a hyphen to join words together to avoid ambiguity. A simple hyphen can make a student’s day. If a compound word does not appear in the dictionary, it is called a temporary compound. | Hyphenation comes with many rules (see left and below), few of which get committed to memory (unlike the spelling rule i before e except after c).Happily, most issues can be resolved with one of the following four resources: two dictionaries, the APA Publication Manual, and the spell checker in your word processing software. With hyphen: Springfield has little-town charm. Note that if the modifiers come after the common base, no hyphens should be used, but the base of the word can still be omitted. It’s not like a simple dash or something. | APA GUIDELINES FOR GRAMMAR and PUNCTUATION ... hyphen if the term can be misread or if the term expresses a single thought (i.e., all words together modify the noun). Example: “Always strive for a concise writing tone in your research.” Is it a concise tone and a writing tone? For example, in the phrase widely attended gatherings readers understand that widely modifies attended. The word that follows the hyphen begins with a numeral (e.g., mid-2016). The table below contains some of the most common prefixes, examples of correct usage, and examples of exceptions. When multiple modifiers have a common base, the base can be omitted in all except the last modifier, but the hyphens should be retained. the journal style sheet. Comments (0). I have been thinking about these rules on and off for the last 30 … Do not put a space after the period of the first initial and the - preceding the second initial. Hyphen in a Compound Expression With a Noun and Past Participle. However, if the compound adjective comes after the noun, the relationships between the words may be intelligible without a hyphen (e.g., counseling that is client centered). 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( 0 ) Misplaced modifiers hyphen in APA Style page 98 of the Publication Manual contains additional guidance on to... ) to which this rule applies appears in table 4.2 of the most common prefixes, of...

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